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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the anatomical features and relative position of the brachiocephalic trunk and the trachea to provide an anatomical basis for diagnosis and treatment of mechanical airway obstruction and for facilitating the performance of tracheotomy.@*METHODS@#A total of 91 formalin- fixed adult cadavers (70 male and 21 female) were used in this study. The whole length of the larynx and the trachea were separated and exposed from the neck to the chest, followed by separation of the aortic arch and its 3 branches to observe the anatomical position of the brachiocephalic trunk and the trachea.@*RESULTS@#The brachiocephalic trunk and the trachea did not intersect in 3.30%, partially intersected in 71.43%, and completely intersected in 25.27% of the 91 cadaveric specimens. The male specimens all showed greater outer diameter of the aortic arch, the brachiocephalic trunk and the trachea with a greater length of the trachea than the female specimens (P < 0.05), while the distances from the aortic arch to the brachiocephalic trunk or the cricoid cartilage did not differ significantly between them (P > 0.05). The number of the tracheal cartilage rings above the brachiocephalic trunk ranged from 3 to 10, and the mean number did not differ significantly between the male and female specimens (P > 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The brachiocephalic trunk has complex anatomical relationship with the trachea, and caution should be taken to avoid injuries of the brachiocephalic trunk and the aortic arch in the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical respiratory obstruction and during tracheotomy.
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Adult , Female , Male , Humans , Trachea , Brachiocephalic Trunk , Larynx , Cadaver , FormaldehydeABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the effect and involved mechanism of naringenin on acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by ischemia-reperfusion (IR).Methods:The IR-AKI rat model was constructed using the classic bilateral renal pedicle clamping method, then renal function and pathological change were assessed, as well as inflammation-associated genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The hub genes were selected through differential gene analysis and protein-protein interaction network analysis, and their transcription factors were predicted, which constructed a protein library together. The proteins binding to naringenin were selected by reverse molecular docking analysis and further their binding patterns were predicted to explore the mechanism of naringenin. Finally, the results of bioinformatics were verified by experimental methods.Results:Compared with the AKI group, the kidney pathology of the rats in the naringenin pretreatment group was significantly improved, and the renal tubular injury score was reduced ( P<0.01); meanwhile the serum creatinine level and the mRNA expression of the kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) were significantly decreased (both P<0.05). Compared to sham group, IR-AKI increased the level of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (all P<0.05), which reversed by naringenin indicated that naringenin inhibited inflammation in IR-AKI. Differential gene analysis was performed on the GSE98622 data set, and 359 differential genes were obtained. In reverse molecular docking, the proteins with smallest binding energy including NFKBIA, BCL3, NFKB2 and RELA were considered to be related to the preventive effect of naringenin, which were mainly enriched in NF-κB-related inflammation pathways. Domain functional analysis of NF-κB-related genes showed that naringenin could stably bind to its key domain. According to quantitative real-time PCR results, naringenin increased BCL3 level after AKI ( P<0.05), and further decreased the expression level of RELA and NFKB2 (both P<0.05). Conclusion:Naringenin protects IR-AKI by alleviating inflammation, and its mechanism is related to increasing BCL3 and thereby inhibiting the NF-κB pathway.
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Ophthalmology is interrelated with a variety of disciplines, and its features determine the need for interdisciplinary joint training of postgraduate students majoring in ophthalmology. The joint training can optimize the students' knowledge structures, enhance their innovation abilities and improve their overall qualities. However, there are still some factors restricting the interdisciplinary joint training in the existing education system. We propose to establish a full-time administrative management system, build a multidisciplinary communication platform, attach great importance to tutors' interdisciplinary researches, and establish dual mentor or multi-tutor training system. Moreover, a reasonable interdisciplinary evaluation system and various incentive mechanisms are advocated to improve the quality of postgraduate education in ophthalmology.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of Rotarex debulking combined with paclitaxel drug-coated balloon in the treatment of ischemia of lower limb artery.Method:The clinical data of 34 patients who had lower extremity arterial ischemic disease treated by Rotarex debulking combined with paclitaxel drug-coated balloon from Nov 2016 to Sep 2018 was retrospectively analyzed.Results:There were male 25 cases, with an average age of (69±10) years, the lesion length was (216.7±110.0)mm, and the course of disease was(169.3±303.0) days. Fourteen (41.18%) had primary lesions, 8 (23.53%) had stent occlusion, 11 (32.35%) had primary+ stent occlusion, and 1 (2.94%) had primary+ artificial vascular thrombosis.The technical success rate was 97.06% (33/34), and 100% after catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT). Thirty patients (88.24%) received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and 6 patients (17.65%) received stent placement. The clinical success rate was 97.06% (33/34). There were 2 cases (5.88%) with distal vascular embolism during the operation, no bleeding or artery rupture. The ankle brachial index (ABI) (0.86±0.13) significantly increased (0.40±0.28) ( t=8.851, P<0.01). All patients were followed up for 12 months. The patency rate was 94.12% (32/34), 87.88% (29/33) and 75.76% (25/33) in 3, 6 and 12 months respectively. There was no death in perioperative period and no amputation above ankle in follow-up period. 93.94% of patients were free from clinical driven target lesions. Conclusion:Rotarex debulking combined with paclitaxel in the treatment of lower extremity arterial ischemic disease is safe and effective.
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Objective To explore the risk factors of post-hepatectomy acute kidney injury (AKI),a Nomogram predictive model of secondary AKI after hepatectomy was established which can provide guidance for the selection of clinically relevant treatment plans and improve the prognosis of surgical patients.Methods A total of 2769 patients who underwent hepatectomy in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from October 2012 to July 2018 were included in the study.The post-hepatectomy AKI was diagnosed according to the KDIGO AKI criteria in 2012.The selected patients were divided into AKI group (n=133) and non-AKI group (n=2636);they were divided into training group (n=2050) and test group (n=719) according to Enrollment time.The differences of preoperative clinical data,length of hospital stay,and in-hospital mortality between patients with AKI and non-AKI group were compared.The risk factors of post-hepatectomy AKI were evaluated by the Cox regression.A Nomogram predictive model of AKI after hepatectomy was established,and receiver operating curve (ROC) and consistency curve were used to verify the accuracy of the predictive model.Results The incidence of AKI after hepatectomy was 4.80％(133/2769).Compared with non-AKI group,preoperative serum albumin,hemoglobin,and hematocrit levels were lower in AKI group;the level of blood transaminase,total bilirubin,alkaline phosphatase,triglyceride,lactate dehydrogenase,and fibrinogen were higher (P ＜ 0.050);the proportion of preoperative aspirin application was higher (P ＜ 0.001);the duration of operation was longer (P=0.002);the proportion of open surgery was higher (P ＜ 0.001);the mortality rate was higher (P ＜ 0.050);the length of hospital stay was longer (P ＜ 0.050).Cox regression results showed hypertriglyceridemia,hypoalbuminemia,alkaline phosphatase,aspartate aminotransferase,open surgery,lower preoperative glomerular filtration rate,aspirin and duration of surgery were independent risk factors for AKI.We incorporated these indicators into the Nomogram to establish a predictive model for AKI after hepatectomy,the area under ROC curve was 0.764.The area under ROC curve of the test group was 0.781.Conclusion The Nomogram predicting model of AKI after hepatectomy has high accuracy,which is helpful for prognosis of patients who underwent hepatectomy.
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Objective@#To evaluate percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and angioplasty in patients with femoropopliteal artery stent restenosis.@*Methods@#The clinical data of 41 cases with critical limb ischemia caused by femoropopliteal artery stent restenosis were analyzed retrospectively from Jun 2015 to May 2017, who were treated by percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy(PMT)+ percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) simultaneously. Clinical status assessment, ankle brachial index (ABI) test and color duplex ultrasonography (CDU) were administered at 3rd, 6th and 12th month during follow-up; and computed tomography angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed at 6th and 12th month after discharged.@*Results@#Procedures were successful in all patients. 27 cases were under PTA after PMT, other 14 cases were under PTA+ stenting after PMT. The average ABI increased from 0.34±0.28 to 0.84±0.32(P=0.00)immediately. There was no perioperative death and major limb amputation.36 cases (36/41, 87.8%) were followed-up from 169 to 698 days (mean 426 days). During follow-up of 12 months, there were 18 cases with in-stent restenosis and/or thrombosis. PMT+ PTA were performed again in 14 cases and 4 cases accepted medication; no case encountered major amputation. The primary patency and second patency were 82.9%and 97.6% respectively at 6th month; Which were 49.8% and 88.8% respectively at 12th month, and the ABI was 0.65±0.10 (P=0.01).@*Conclusion@#Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and angioplasty is safe, miniinvasive and effective for femoropopliteal artery stent restenosis.
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Objective To evaluate percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and angioplasty in patients with femoropopliteal artery stent restenosis.Methods The clinical data of 41 cases with critical limb ischemia caused by femoropopliteal artery stent restenosis were analyzed retrospectively from Jun 2015 to May 2017,who were treated by percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) + percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) simultaneously.Clinical status assessment,ankle brachial index (ABI) test and color duplex ultrasonography (CDU) were administered at 3rd,6th and 12th month during follow-up;and computed tomography angiography (CTA) or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed at 6th and 12th month after discharged.Results Procedures were successful in all patients.27 cases were under PTA after PMT,other 14 cases were under PTA + stenting after PMT.The average ABI increased from 0.34 ± 0.28 to 0.84 ± 0.32 (P =0.00) immediately.There was no perioperative death and major limb amputation.36 cases (36/41,87.8％) were followed-up from 169 to 698 days (mean 426 days).During follow-up of 12 months,there were 18 cases with in-stent restenosis and/or thrombosis.PMT + PTA were performed again in 14 cases and 4 cases accepted medication;no case encountered major amputation.The primary patency and second patency were 82.9％ and 97.6％ respectively at 6th month;Which were 49.8％ and 88.8％ respectively at 12th month,and the ABI was 0.65 ± 0.10 (P =0.01).Conclusion Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy and angioplasty is safe,miniinvasive and effective for femoropoplitealartery stent restenosis.
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No abstract available.
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Computational Biology , Recurrence , Urinary Bladder Neoplasms , Urinary BladderABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of Genistein,a tyrosinase inhibitor,on retinal neovascularization in mice.Methods Thirty-six 7-day-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into hyperoxiainduced group,Genistein group,DMSO group and normal control group.The mice in the hyperoxia-induced group,Genistein group and DMSO group were fed in a static chamber with the oxygen volume fraction (75±2)％ for 5 days and then sent back to natural environment for 5 days to establish retinal neovascular models,and 1 μl Genistein diluted by 5％ dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (400 mg/L) and 1 μl DMSO were intravitreally injected in the 12-dayold mice of Genistein group and DMSO group,respectively.The mice in the normal control group were bred in natural environment.The fluorescence angiography was carried out in 17-day-old mice (2 mice in each group) to prepare the whole retinal flatmounts,and the morphology of retinal vessels was observed under the fluorescence microscope.The other mice in various groups were sacrificed and the retinas were collected.The expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in mRNA and protein levels were detected by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot,respectively.The use and care of the mice complied with regulations for the management of laboratory animals.Results Retinal vessels were normal in the mice of normal control group.In the mice of the hyperoxia-induced group and DMSO group,retinal vessels were tortuous,and neovacularization and non-perfusion areas were visible.In the Genistein group,retinal vessels were clearly visible,but non-perfusion areas were exhibited.The relative expression levels of VEGF mRNA in retinas were 0.64±0.25,0.37±0.23,0.03±0.02 and 0.04±0.02,and the relative expression levels of bFGF mRNA in retinas were 21.40±3.07,17.22±2.63,0.52±0.25 and 0.67±0.23,in the hyperoxia-induced group,DMSO group,Genistein group and normal control group,and the expressions of VEGF and bFGF in mRNA level in the hyperoxia-induced group and DMSO group were significantly higher than those in the Genistein group and normal control group (all at P＜0.05).The protein expression levels of VEGF and bFGF were 1.01 ±0.05 and 0.97±0.06 in the hyperoxia-induced group,1.06±0.07 and 1.03±0.08 in the DMSO group,0.73±0.05 and 0.76±0.07 in the Genistein group,0.52±0.05 and 0.56± 0.05 in the normal control group.The expressions of VEGF and bFGF in protein level in the hyperoxia-induced group and DMSO group were significantly higher than those in the Genistein group and normal control group (all at P＜0.05).Conclusions Genistein can inhibit hyperoxia-induced retinal neovascularization may be by downregulating the expressions of VEGF and bFGF in retinas.
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Objective To investigate the possible effects of histone methyltransferase MLL1 on renal interstitial fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Methods Forty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group,sham operation group and unilateral ureteral occlusion(UUO)group,and then UUO group was further divided into group 1 d,1 week,2 week,3 week and 4 week after operation.The expression of MLL1,E-cadherin,α-SMA,Vimentin and Col3α1 in UUO rat kidney tissue as well as TGF-β1 stimulated HK-2 cells were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting.siRNA-MLL1 plasmids was used to inhibit the expression of MLL1 and the protein levels of MLL1,α-SMA,Vimentin,E-cadherin,Col3α1 and H3K4me3 induced by TGF-β1 stimulation were detected by Western blotting.The level of H3K4me3 in promoter region of EMT related genes was observed by chromatin immunoprecipitation(CHIP).Results Compared with normal and sham operated groups,the loss of renal function in UUO group was more obvious with the obstruction time(P ＜ 0.05).The renal fibrosis was most obvious 1 week and 2 weeks after the rats underwent the UUO operation(all P ＜ 0.05),with the highest protein expressions of MLL1,E-cadherin,α-SMA,Vimentin and Col3α1(all P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,3 ng/ml TGF-β1 induced the highest expression of MLL1 and the most obvious EMT in HK-2 cells(all P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,the EMT and the high level of H3K4me3 in HK-2 triggered by TGF-β1 were all inhibited by siRNA-MLL1 plasmids transfection(all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions MLL1 can enhance the occurrence of EMT induced by TGF-β1 in HK-2 cells by increasing the level of H3K4me3 in the promoter region of α-SMA and Vimentin.
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Objective To observe the expression of cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-activated renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F),and to explore its effect and mechanism.Methods (1) NRK-49F cells were activated by TGF-β1 with different concentrations (0.0,0.5,1.0,2.0,5.0 μg/L).Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Cyr61 protein,and CCK-8 assay was used to test the proliferative activity of NRK-49F cells.(2) NRK-49F cells with low expression and over expression of Cyr61 were established by plasmid transfection.The cells were divided into control group (null vector transfection),over-expression group and lowexpression group.The proliferation was discovered by CCK-8 assay after 24,48 and 72 h.Further,5.0 μg/L TGF-β1 activated these three groups.The proliferation was also discovered by CCK-8 assay and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.The mRNA expressions of fibrosis markers (Collα1,Col3αl,MMP9,MMP13) and factors of cell senescence signal pathway (p53,p21,Rb,p16) were ascertained by real time PCR,and the protein expressions of Col3 and MMP9 were detected by Western blotting.Results (1) Compared with 0.0 μg/L TGF-β1 group,the proliferation of NRK-49F cells was enhanced in 0.5,1.0,2.0 and 5.0 μg/L TGF-β1 groups (all P ＜ 0.05),while the expression of Cyr61 protein was decreased in 1.0 μg/L group and increased in 5.0 μg/L group (all P ＜0.05).(2) The proliferation of over-expression group was lower than that of control group after 24,48and 72 h (all P＜ 0.05),which was in a time-dependent manner.(3) Compared with control group activated by TGF-β1,the over-expression group expressed less fibrosis factors (Col1α1 and Col3α1)and more anti-fibrosis factors (MMP9 and MMP13) with decreased proliferation (all P ＜ 0.05).Simultaneously,the proportion of cells bogged down in G1 phases,as well as the expressions of p53,p21 and Rb mRNA increased (all P ＜ 0.05).The above effects of low-expression group were just opposite to over-expression group.Moreover,there was no significant difference in the expression of p16 gene among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Cyr61 can curb the proliferation and fibrotic phenotypes of fibroblasts,thereafter slowing down the process of renal fibrosis.The p53/p21/Rb interrelated cell senescence signal pathway may be involved in the anti-fibrosis process.
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Objective To observe the expression of cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61) in transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-activated renal fibroblasts (NRK-49F),and to explore its effect and mechanism.Methods (1) NRK-49F cells were activated by TGF-β1 with different concentrations (0.0,0.5,1.0,2.0,5.0 μg/L).Western blotting was used to detect the expression of Cyr61 protein,and CCK-8 assay was used to test the proliferative activity of NRK-49F cells.(2) NRK-49F cells with low expression and over expression of Cyr61 were established by plasmid transfection.The cells were divided into control group (null vector transfection),over-expression group and lowexpression group.The proliferation was discovered by CCK-8 assay after 24,48 and 72 h.Further,5.0 μg/L TGF-β1 activated these three groups.The proliferation was also discovered by CCK-8 assay and the cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.The mRNA expressions of fibrosis markers (Collα1,Col3αl,MMP9,MMP13) and factors of cell senescence signal pathway (p53,p21,Rb,p16) were ascertained by real time PCR,and the protein expressions of Col3 and MMP9 were detected by Western blotting.Results (1) Compared with 0.0 μg/L TGF-β1 group,the proliferation of NRK-49F cells was enhanced in 0.5,1.0,2.0 and 5.0 μg/L TGF-β1 groups (all P ＜ 0.05),while the expression of Cyr61 protein was decreased in 1.0 μg/L group and increased in 5.0 μg/L group (all P ＜0.05).(2) The proliferation of over-expression group was lower than that of control group after 24,48and 72 h (all P＜ 0.05),which was in a time-dependent manner.(3) Compared with control group activated by TGF-β1,the over-expression group expressed less fibrosis factors (Col1α1 and Col3α1)and more anti-fibrosis factors (MMP9 and MMP13) with decreased proliferation (all P ＜ 0.05).Simultaneously,the proportion of cells bogged down in G1 phases,as well as the expressions of p53,p21 and Rb mRNA increased (all P ＜ 0.05).The above effects of low-expression group were just opposite to over-expression group.Moreover,there was no significant difference in the expression of p16 gene among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Cyr61 can curb the proliferation and fibrotic phenotypes of fibroblasts,thereafter slowing down the process of renal fibrosis.The p53/p21/Rb interrelated cell senescence signal pathway may be involved in the anti-fibrosis process.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the spot size and the result of ploidy analysis in the detection technology based on single-particles, and to fix the scope of spot thickness on the basis of the experimental result.Methods The influence of spot thickness on voltage signals produced by single cells was analyzed.The parameters of the beam shap system in the incident field were designed and optimized on ZEMAX.Finally, according to the cells′diameter, the target size of spots was set.A set of spots of different thickness and of Gaussian distribution obtained from the optical experimental platform was used to conduct ploidy detection experiments.Results Target spots were both obtained from ZEMAX simulation and the optical platform.When the spot thickness was larger than both monocytes and coenocytes, the mean fluorescence intensity ratio was 2.03,which met the demand of the index.Conclusion When the height of the pulse is used to represent the fluorescence density, the relative size of spots and cells will affect the result of ploidy detection.Only when spot thickness is larger than cells is the ploidy ratio accurate.
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Objective To evaluate the incidence of cancer in children born with assisted reproductive technology (ART ) . Methods The literatures were obtained by computer through EBSCO full‐text database ,Pubmed ,Germany Springer journal data‐base ,Cochrane Libarary ,Chinese academic journals published in the pool of network (CNKI) ,Wanfang and Veipu Chinese Journal Full‐text databases ,and other search methods .ART and child health natural pregnancy cohort study were included .The Meta‐anal‐ysis was conducted by using RevMan5 .0 software .Results Sixteen studies were included according to the criteria ,and 89 894 cases of ART‐born offspring were collected .The results of Meta analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between ART and non‐ART children on the incidence of tumor (OR= 1 .85 ,P> 0 .05) .Conclusion This study showed that the probability of ART offspring suffering from malignant is basically the same with non‐ART children ,but the potential long‐term risks are not yet clear .
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Objective To present a new algorithm of real-time peak detection for pulse signals based on FPGA , which is known as the dynamic threshold with half peak detection method ( DT-HP ) .Methods With Gaussian-shaped pulse signals as the target , the method was improved from conventional methods .The FPGA detection process of the algorithm required no more than three detection parameters: the starting point , the maximum value and the pulse width .Results The algorithm solved the floating baseline and repeating detection that occur in traditional methods .Compared with the results of polynomial fitting method and flow cytometry , the difference was only 3.2% and 9.3%.Conclusion The algorithm takes less time ,RAM, and cache while allowing floating baseline detection , which can be used as an effective method for rapid detection in FPGA .
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Objective To present a miniaturized nucleic acid amplification system for spot rapid detection .Methods A miniaturized nucleic acid amplification system with structured packed porous media of particles to uniform the air temperature was designed according to the working principle and heat transfer characteristics of an air -heated nucleic acid amplification system.Thermodynamic simulation and temperature cycling test were carried on to verify the feasibility of the system.Results The structured packed porous media of particles worked well in uniforming the air temperature of the system and the temperature uniformity could reach 0.8℃.The miniaturized nucleic acid amplification system with a volume parameter of 80 mm ×40 mm ×20 mm(length ×height ×width)was portable.The average rate of heating was 10℃/s while the average rate of cooling was 5℃/s.Compared with standard PCR instrument , the miniaturized nucleic acid amplification system performed well in the process of amplification and met the requirements of preliminary design .Conclusion The miniaturized nucleic acid amplification system with a rapid reaction velocity and portable volume could be applied to nucleic acid detection of unknown samples on the spot .
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Objective To introduce the experience of prophylaxis and management of the complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) during perioperative period because those complications can not be avoided yet.Methods During Oct 2000 to Jan 2013,318 patients were performed CEA.There were 213 men and 105 women with an average age of 74.8 years ranged from 48 to 85y.There were 186 patients in the left,120 patients in the right,and 12 patients in two sides.Simply,CEA are performed in 166 patients,CEA and patch in 140,and 12 patients were performed bypass with the autogenously great saphenous vein after the lesions removal.Results The perioperative complications were preoperative stroke in 3 cases,hypotension during operation in 16,after-operation deaths in 3,hyperperfusion syndrome in 18,postoperative severe cerebral infarction in 1,hoarseness in 14,and hematoma in 28.Conclusions Perioperative complications of CEA can be decreased by cautious surgical procedure and postoperative observation.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the perioperative nursing experience in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated by cryoablation.Method The clinical data of 34 patients with renal cell carcinoma treated by cryoablation were retrospectively analyzed to summarize the perioperative nursing strategies.Results All the patients lived through the operations.The complications after the surgery occurred in 7 cases,with bleeding in 4 cases,urinary fistula in 1 case and wound infections in 2 cases.All the complications were cured by active treatment.After following up for 6 months,all the tumors showed liquefaction and necrosis and no one relapse. Conclusion Active and effective nursing intervention is the key point for the success of cryoablation.
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Objective To explore surgical experience of stenoses or occlusion of the vertebral artery .Methods In this group, there were 28 patients including 21 men and 7 females with average of 52 ~73 (68.3 ±0.03) y, duration 3 months to 4 years , and 15 lesions in the left and 13 lesions in the right .All patients were performed operation under general anesthesia .There were 16 vertebral artery endarterectomy , 10 subclavian-vertebral bypass and 2 end-side anastomosis between vertebral artery and common ca-rotid artery.Results One patient had to be performed second operation at the 7th day after endarterectomy because of anastomotic bleeding.All patients were cured.The patency rate of 6 months was 89.28%(25/28) in all patients.Conclusions Surgical man-agement of stenoses or occlusion of the vertebral artery has excellent curative effect with simply operation .However , the technique must be selected according to anatomic circumstances of vertebral artery and subclavian artery .
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The treatment of renal cacinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus is priority to the surgery,because of serious tranma and high risk the traditional operative method.Surgical procedure has been developed and changes.The development and application of vascular intervcntional technique make operation more safe and convenient.This article summarizes the application of renal artery intervention,inferior vena cava filter,balloons and vascular endoscope in the treatment of renal carcinoma with inferior vena cave tumor thrombus.